Sunday, March 15, 2020

Four Things That Set Americans Apart and Why They Matter

Four Things That Set Americans Apart and Why They Matter The results are in. We now have sociological data about the values, beliefs, and attitudes that make Americans unique when compared with people from other nations- especially those from other rich nations. The Pew Research Centers 2014 Global Attitudes Survey found that Americans have a stronger belief in the power of the individual. Compared to residents of other nations, Americans are more likely to believe that hard work will lead to success. Americans also tend to be much more optimistic and religious than people in other rich nations. What Makes Americans Unique? Sociological data from the Pew Research Center suggests that Americans differ from residents of other nations in their individualism and their belief in hard work to get ahead. Moreover, compared to other wealthy nations, Americans are also more religious and optimistic. Lets dig into these data, consider why Americans differ so greatly from others, and figure out what it all means from a sociological perspective. A Stronger Belief in the Power of the Individual Pew found, after surveying people in 44 nations around the world, that  Americans believe, far more than others, that we control our own success in life. Others around the world are far more likely to believe that forces outside ones control determine the level of ones success. Pew determined this by asking people whether they agreed or disagreed with the following statement: Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our control. While the global median was 38 percent  of respondents disagreeing with the statement, more than half of Americans- 57 percent- disagreed with it. This means that most Americans believe that success is determined by ourselves, rather than outside forces. Pew suggests that this finding means that Americans stand out on individualism, which makes sense. This result signals that we believe more in the power of ourselves as individuals to shape our own life than we believe that outside forces shape us. The majority of Americans believe that success is up to us, which means we believe in the promise and possibility of success. This belief is, in essence, the American Dream: a dream rooted in the belief in the power of the individual. However, this common belief runs counter to what we social scientists know to be true: a litany of social and economic forces surround us from birth, and they shape, to a large degree, what happens in our lives, and whether we achieve success in normative terms (i.e. economic success). This does not mean that individuals do not have power, choice, or free will. We do, and within sociology, we refer to this as agency.  But we, as individuals, also exist within a society composed of social relationships with other people, groups, institutions, and communities, and they and their norms exert social force on us. So the paths, options, and outcomes from which we choose, and how we make those choices, are influenced greatly by the social, cultural, economic, and political circumstances that surround us. That Old Pull Yourself up by Your Bootstraps Mantra Connected to this belief in the power of the individual, Americans are also more likely to believe that it is very important to work hard to get ahead in life. Nearly three-quarters of Americans believe this, whereas just 60 percent do in the United Kingdom, and 49 percent do in Germany. The global mean is 50 percent, so residents of other nations also believe this too- just not to the same extent as Americans. A sociological perspective suggests that theres circular logic at work here. Success stories- widely popular in all forms of media- are typically framed as narratives of hard work, determination, struggle, and perseverance. This fuels the belief that one must work hard to get ahead in life, which perhaps fuels hard work, but it certainly does not fuel economic success for the vast majority of the population. This myth also fails to account for the fact that most people do work hard, but do not get ahead, and that even the concept of getting ahead means that others must by necessity fall behind. So the logic can, by design, only work for some, and they are a small minority. The Most Optimistic Among Rich Nations Interestingly, the U.S. is also far more optimistic than other rich nations, with 41 percent saying they were having a particularly good day. No other rich nations even came close. Second to the U.S. was the U.K., where just 27 percent- thats less than a third- felt the same way. It makes sense that people who believe in the power of themselves as individuals to achieve success by hard work and determination would also show this kind of optimism. If you see your days as full of promise for future success, then it follows that you would consider them good days. In the U.S. we  also receive and perpetuate the message, quite consistently, that positive thinking is a necessary component of achieving success. No doubt, theres some truth to that. If you dont believe that something is possible, whether its a personal or professional goal or dream, then how will you ever achieve it? But, as author Barbara Ehrenreich has observed, there are significant downsides to this uniquely American optimism. In her 2009 book  Bright-Sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermining America, Ehrenreich suggests that positive thinking can ultimately harm us personally, and as a society. As one summary of the book explains,  On a personal level, it leads to self-blame and a morbid preoccupation with stamping out negative thoughts. On a national level, it’s brought us an era of irrational optimism resulting in disaster [i.e. the subprime mortgage foreclosure crisis]. Part of the problem with positive thinking, per Ehrenreich, is that when it becomes a mandatory attitude, it disallows for the acknowledgement of fear, and of criticism. Ultimately, Ehrenreich argues, positive thinking, as an ideology, fosters acceptance of an unequal and highly troubled status quo, because we use it to convince ourselves that we as individuals are to blame for what is hard in life, and that we can change our situation if we just have the right attitude about it. This kind of ideological manipulation is what Italian activist and writer Antonio Gramsci referred to as cultural hegemony, achieving rule through the ideological manufacture of consent. When you believe that thinking positively will solve your problems, you are unlikely to challenge the things that may be causing your trouble. Relatedly, late sociologist C. Wright Mills would look on this trend as fundamentally anti-sociological, because the essence of having a sociological imagination, or thinking like a sociologist, is being able to see the connections between personal troubles and public issues. As Ehrenreich sees it, American optimism stands in the way of the kind of critical thinking that is necessary to fight inequalities and to keep society in check.  The alternative to rampant optimism, she suggests, is not pessimism- it is realism. An Unusual Combination of National Wealth and Religiosity The 2014 Global Values Survey reaffirmed another well-established trend: the richer a nation is, in terms of GDP per capita, the less religious is its population. Around the world, the poorest nations have the highest levels of religiosity, and the wealthiest nations, like  Britain, Germany, Canada, and Australia, the lowest. Those four nations  are all clustered around a $40,000 GDP per capita, and approximately 20 percent of the population claims that religion is an important part of their life.  Conversely, the poorest nations, including Pakistan, Senegal, Kenya, and the Philippines, among others, are the most religious, with nearly all members of their populations claiming religion as an important part of their lives.   This is why it is unusual that in the U.S., the nation with the highest GDP per capita among those measured, more than half of the adult population says that religion is an important part of their lives. Thats a 30 percentage point difference over other rich nations, and puts us on par with nations that have a per capita GDP of less than $20,000. This difference between the U.S. and other rich nations seems to be connected to another- that  Americans are also far more likely to say that belief in God is a prerequisite for morality. In other rich nations like Australia and France this figure is far lower (23 and 15 percent respectively), where most people do not conflate theism with morality. These final findings about religion, when combined with the first two, demonstrate the legacy of early American Protestantism. Founding father of sociology, Max Weber, wrote about this in his famous book  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber observed that in early American society, belief in God and religiosity were expressed in large part through dedicating oneself to a secular calling, or profession. Followers of Protestantism at the time were instructed by religious leaders to dedicate themselves to their calling and work hard in their earthly life in order enjoy heavenly glory in the afterlife. Over time, the universal acceptance and practice of the Protestant religion specifically waned in the U.S., but belief in hard work and the power of the individual to forge their own success remained. However, religiosity, or at least the appearance of it, remains strong in the U.S., and is perhaps connected to the three other values highlighted here, as each are form s of faith in their own right. The Trouble with American Values While all of the values described here are considered virtues in the U.S., and, indeed, can foster positive outcomes, there are significant drawbacks to the prominence of them in our society. The belief in the power of the individual, in the importance of hard work, and optimism function more as myths than they do as actual recipes for success, and what these myths obscure is a society cleaved by crippling inequalities along lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality, among other things. They do this obscuring work by encouraging us to see and think as individuals, rather than as members of communities or parts of a greater whole. Doing so prevents us from fully grasping the larger forces and patterns that organize society and shape our lives, which is to say, doing so discourages us from seeing and understanding systemic inequalities. This is how these values maintain an unequal status quo. If we want to live in a just and equal society, we have to challenge the dominance of these values and the prominent roles they play in our lives, and take instead a healthy dose of realistic social critique.

Friday, February 28, 2020

Global Intitutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Intitutions - Research Paper Example Health is also vital for achieving peace and security and hence both individuals and states should fully co-operate towards achieving this means. When there is a lack of health promotion activities and adequate steps taken for disease control then the state becomes more vulnerable to communicable diseases. Promotion of child health and welfare and creating awareness among all the individuals of a state about medical well-being could help in achieving complete health attainment. In order to meet this end it is vital for people to fully extend their cooperation and work together in improving the health of the entire community. In order to meet this end the constitution also calls for the co-operation from the governments of all states to undertake social and medical measures which will ensure a healthy society. The WHO is headquartered at Geneva, Switzerland and has offices in more than 150 countries with more than 7000 people working in them. The organization has 6 regional offices in the African region, America, South-East Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific and a Global Service Center in Malaysia. Its staff includes medical doctors, specialists working in public health, scientists, epidemiologists, and staff who have been trained for the purpose of managing administration, finance, and information systems in the various offices. In addition, the centers also include members who have specialized in the field of health statistics, economics and who have experience in carrying out emergency relief operations. Within the framework of the United Nations, the WHO directs and coordinates with other world countries on issues pertaining to international health. The WHO offers leadership positions and entering into partnerships wherever required on critical health issues. They al so play an active role in encouraging research studies and thereby stimulate the creation and transfer of knowledge regarding various health issues. The WHO is

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

Argue the US should increase its use of natural gas Essay

Argue the US should increase its use of natural gas - Essay Example This will critically compare both the pros and cons of this form of fuel and the benefits of its use in the United States (Knittel 3). The choice of gas to use in our industries is no longer guided by the desires of an individual but the cost and availability of the said fuel. With major economies relying on fossil fuel for different functions including industrial and home use, the current reserves are being depleted at an alarming rate. Natural gas is currently one of the cheapest and safest gases around the world with the United States sitting on a huge reserve of the gas which is currently unexploited. The lack of interest on natural gas and its resultant lack of exploitation can be attributed to the negative misconceptions that have been generated towards this gas (Ratner 7). Natural gas is colorless and odorless and produce high amount of energy when combusted with no significant emissions that negatively harm the environment. It is one of the most abundant gases in the United S tates but is rarely exploited due to the countries over reliance on fossil fuel. It contains high concentration of hydrocarbons including methane, ethane and propane, which are currently generated from fossil fuel at a much higher cost on the environment and economy. As a country that is much preoccupied with fossil fuel, switching to natural gas can only be achieved through informed education approaches that provide the benefits of this source of gas as compared to the current source. This topic will be insightful in guiding the country’s energy policy makers in making a significant policy shift from fossil fuel to natural gas. A number of misconceptions also exist about natural gas as compared to fossil fuels that act to confuse the citizens as further. This topic seeks to handle these misconceptions by providing an argumentative approach on why the country must adopt natural gas as opposed to the current use of fossil fuel (Knittel 3). Natural gas is cleaner as compared to fossil fuels thus making it the current fuel preferred by utility companies in the United States. With the current emphasis on the need to reduce emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the need for the adoption of a much cleaner gas makes natural gas the gas of choice. In addition, fossil fuels such as petroleum and gasoline, when combusted produces less energy as compared to natural gas but has higher amount of greenhouse effect as compared to natural gas. The increase in international lobbying for the adoption of safe and clean fuel supports the role of natural gas in the reduction of climate change, which occurs due to an increase in greenhouse gas emission from industries (Verrastro & Branch 5). However, natural gas has a finite nature that makes it unreliable source of energy to drive the massive industries in the United States and mitigate the impacts of global warming. Those who belong to this school of thought argue that despite the fact that natural gas is much cleaner as compared to fossil fuels, it is not as clean to enable it contribute significantly in the fight against climate change. Decreasing the prevalence of climate change cannot effectively be done using natural gas, as the opponents would want us to believe. This is farther from the truth, as the fight against climate change cannot be won through one major initiative but through well-calculated policies, which significantly

Friday, January 31, 2020

Questions on strategic management Research Paper

Questions on strategic management - Research Paper Example In addition, understanding the business environment through research and other relevant actions ensures identification of strategic factors (Cherunilam 55). This move only makes sure that the international firms will be able to learn more about the business environment. And once they do, it would be easy for them to embrace some changes having the bottom line within the formulation of actual strategic actions. Knowing the business environment is important because this is one appropriate move in order to know the necessary actions the international firms need to initiate. Multiculturalism for instance is a core value that needed to be integrated especially among corporations having business activities in the international setting. 2. Compare and contrast trend extrapolation with the writing of scenarios as techniques. (Support your answer with an example). Trend extrapolation is quantitative in nature. Information can either be represented in a quantitative format or with numerical va lue. Graphs and other quantitative representations can be used for this purpose (Cornish 86). The writing of scenarios on the other hand is qualitative in its form, as this could also turn out historical. Although both trend extrapolation and writing scenarios are techniques that could turn out historical in nature, for they involve the need to look into past events or data. However, they vary in their actual presentation for it would be easy to interpret data transformed into information presented in graphical forms. For example, understanding the past trend of sales generated by a certain product offering could be both implemented through trend extrapolation and writing scenarios techniques. Both are actually capable of presenting the necessary and relevant information. However, for the convenience of using and interpreting information, there is a good way to find it more possible with trend extrapolation. On the other hand, trend extrapolation may be complex enough as this techni que unlike the writing scenarios, requires mathematical implementation. Trend extrapolation may be complex, for it would also require the right number of data in order for the obtained information to be statistically relevant. 3. How might a firm’s management decide whether it should continue to invest in familiar technology or in new but untested technology? What factors might encourage or discourage such a shift? (Support your answer with an example). There are many factors associated with making this decision, but one of them include efficiency. Firms are looking forward to efficient output in order to maximize opportunity and to generate revenue and eventually profit. The next consideration is productivity. Productive output today requires the use of technology, in order to hit the required volume of production necessary to help the entire business operation to continue operate. On the other hand, there is also a need to achieve competitive advantage so there is also a ne ed to consider whether to embrace new but untested technology or remain with the most familiar one. There are familiar technologies nowadays that could continue to provide firms with the achievement of the above mentioned factors at a higher remarkable cost saving. So for this reason, a company would be able to choose

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Parent and Sibling Relationships in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Parent and Sibling Relationships in To Kill A Mockingbird Inside the wondrous book, To Kill a Mockingbird, you can find many different examples of the theme I chose for this particular essay. The theme I seemed most fascinated with was parent and sibling relationships. The reason why I chose this theme was for the reason that I knew this book was all about the lessons that we learn in life, and how we gain knowledge from our parents and other family members also. As I looked through the book I found dozens of examples of parent and sibling relationships. Parent and sibling relationships to me means how strong of a relationship people have, or what they have done to come closer as a family. In chapter three I found a nice quote to analyze. First of all Atticus said, " If you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you'll get along with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you see things from his point of view." (Lee 30). This quote helps me to understand Atticus' point of view on how he wants his children to judge people. He is teaching Scout a very good lesson right now. He is teaching her that you can't really talk about a person unless you have been in his or her position. I think that it is a very good lesson to teach Scout because she is still a young girl and at he school she has to put up with all kinds of judgmental people, she doesn't need to add to the mix. I think that this has made Atticus' and Scout's friendship come a little closer because now she knows something that she didn't before so s he can develop to be a nice and even better young lady in life. Another quote that related to my theme is the one in chapter 23. "Jem, see if you can stand in Bob Ewell's shoes for a minute, I destroyed his last shred of credibility at the trial, if he had any to begin with. The man had to have some kind of comeback, he always does. So if spittin' on my face and threatening me saved Mayella one extra beating, that's

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Fast Food Research Paper Essay

1. Why is fast food bad for you? 2. What are the effects of eating fast food? 3. What are some successful fast food industries and there business strategies? Introduction It seems harmless, satisfies your hunger, and is cheap, but really is egregiously unhealthy. The fast food industry is very smart; they have many sly business strategies to make money. They target children and students and make millions of dollars in profit. Each and every day people choose to eat at fast food restaurants because it quick, especially for people with jobs and are always in a hurry, and because it’s delicious; but many do not know the truth behind it and the harmful effects that contributes to eating fast food continuously. Fast food is made of low quality ingredients and consists mainly of sugar, fat, high calories, and high sodium. Fast food causes obesity and nothing is being done to stop this major issue in America right now. Some fast food chains are: McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s, and KFC. The list could go on and on which is the problem, fast food restaurants are everywhere! When it’s dark outside and you are driving home from work and you see the big flashy fast food restaurant signs, the temptation never ends, the business techniques are very cunning and fast food can become addicting so it’s important to always be cautious of why fast food is bad, the effects, fast food restaurants and their business strategies/techniques. Why Is Fast Food Bad? An average human being should consume about 400-600 in about one meal, when eating fast food one item on the menu start at 750 calories (â€Å"The Raw Prawns† n. p.). People may think fast food in moderation is okay but the truth is once you begin a fast food eating routine where you visit almost daily it will be very hard to get out of the routine and can sometimes be addicting (â€Å"Why Fast Food is Bad For You† n. p. ). When on the road a local fast food restaurant seems very convenient and a smart decision to go there, but if you care about you personal health don’t make that decision simply make a healthier choice. Fast food can be dangerous and if nothing soon can be done to address this severe problem in the near future then the obesity and death rates will increase immensely. Fast food is not a balanced diet, it consists mainly of meat and bread and a small amount of lettuce and tomato which are not organic at all. (â€Å"Obesity Facts† n. p. ). This kind of diet is very deadly and is one of the leading causes of obesity and death in America (â€Å"Eating Yourself to Death† n. p. ). The Effects Almost all fast food is deep fried and processed, they contain excessive amounts of sodium which is extremely unhealthy for the body, and in the desserts everything is high in sugar content and calories (â€Å"Obesity Facts† n. p. ). Obesity: Indicates that the body has too much fat. *It is not the same as being overweight, which means weighing too much. It is a result from over eating, or continuously eating fast food. In America, there are over 300, 000 fast food restaurants and 50 million people are served everyday! (â€Å"How Unhealthy is Fast Food† n. p. ). This is why America has the highest number of obese people in the world. Fast food causes heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, tooth decay, and diabetes (â€Å"3 reasons Why Fast Food id Bad For You† n. p. ). When continuously eating fast food, such as French fries, heavy, burgers, and sugary drinks it causes people to become more and more lazy; they don’t pay attention to their health and their physical activity level decreases (â€Å"How Unhealthy is Fast Food? † n. p. ). In addition, recent study shows there’s a chance depression can tie into eating excessive amounts of fast food. Who is to blame? How do they do it? As of now in the United States there are 22 fast food franchises. McDonalds was the first franchise to open in 1940 and since then they have been the leading and most successful franchise in America (â€Å"The Raw Prawn† n.p. ). Other franchises include: Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s, Arby’s, and Taco Bell. Each of which target young students and children. Most of them have a value menu where items to purchase are cheap and tasty but very unhealthy. Some fast food restaurants provide a toy for children with their meal which attract them to come again and again ( â€Å"Eating Yourself to Death† n. p. ). In addition, some restaurants contain an indoor play ground which attracts small children even more. The fast food industry mainly brings customers for their tasty food and simple convenience, they attach a drive thru to their building making it faster for customers to purchase and collect their food which is also less time consuming. Recently in the past few years, fast food franchises have begun to change their restaurant and attempt to become healthier as a whole, in some fast food restaurants they have a nutritional menu to choose from which generally contain healthier food compared to the regular menu (â€Å"The Raw Prawn† n. p. ). Conclusion After researching about fast food and understanding how the huge industry works. I can conclude that the effects of eating fast food on a day to day basis are horrific. It is very unhealthy; the best thing to do is avoid it even if you are in a hurry. Fast Food chains are everywhere the signs are big and flashy and very tempting, it’s important to know what the food can do to the human body so just simply avoid the restaurant. Everyone should be healthy and live as long as possible, fast food is a killer all it does is drain you money and can slowly kill. Do not fall for the sneaky business techniques and strategies the fast food industry uses to gain money. Be smart, avoid fast food, and stay healthy!

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

The Effects of Different Parenting Styles - 1075 Words

Many parents feel confident that their child will grow and master new abilities independently. However there is extensive research linking healthy child development to effective parenting. Children excel when parents provide not only communication, but also affection and listening. Even though parenting style plays a crucial role in the development of a child, almost 70% of parents do not have a sense of awareness when it comes to their own style and how it affects their children. In the UK, with the introduction of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Anti-Social Behavior Act 2003, it is evident that children and youths are getting increasingly out of hand. Many parents say that as they get increasingly distanced from their children, they feel a sense of loss (Donnellan Firth, 2010). Hence this essay aims to prove how different parenting style affects the upbringing of a child, with the authoritative style being the most successful. This essay will first present an overview of the 3 most common parenting styles in the UK, followed by a detailed analysis on how parenting styles affect the development of a child. This will be done by providing a comparison parenting styles on a wide range of youth outcomes, including well-being and self-esteem, the probability of anti-social behaviour, as well as school results and employment. Parenting style is a term used to describe parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Although the primary role ofShow MoreRelatedEssay about Parenting Styles745 Words   |  3 PagesParenting styles have been grouped into three different categories: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. The authoritarian approach to parenting provides children with a clear set of rules which have to be followed without question or reason, while permissive parents constantly are giving into their child’s every wish. 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Many have researched the topic of parenting styles, but one psychologist s findings in particular have continued to build the groundwork of this topic. â€Å"[Diana] Baumrind found that parents differed in fourRead MoreCause and Effects of Parenting Essay examples648 Words   |  3 Pagesand Effect Essay The Cause and Effects of Parenting Styles What are the cause and effects of different styles of parenting? Essentially, there are three types of parenting; authoritarian, authoritative and permissive. I believe there are no lines drawn in the sand separating these styles. In other words, a parent could actually entertain all three. I hope after reading this essay you will have a better understanding of the cause and effect of each style of parenting. 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Different parenting styles bring out different characteristic and different reactions in a child social life and the way he or she may respond to life situations. Sometimes the style of parenting can even change as the child gets older and develop. Parenting styles could be understood asRead MoreParenting Styles Diana Baumrind999 Words   |  4 Pages The way a parent parents a child has a dramatic effect on a child’s development. In fact, research has revealed that parenting styles can impact a child’s cognitive, psychological, and social growth, which affects children in the childhood years, teenage years and adolescence. The reason is that children develop through a number of stimuli, communication, and conversation, which surround them. Families provide a structured environment in which a child lives while parents serve as role models andRead MoreWhat Kind Of Parenting Style Is The Best Overall Method For The Most Children? Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesWhat kind of parenting style is the best overall method for the most children? That is the question that will be explored as the three major styles of parenting are examined throughout this essay. I will be analyzing these three styles known as permissive, authoritarian and authoritative parenting. Each style has various levels of what Diana Baumrind classified as demandingness and responsiveness. These characteristics determine which style or category of parenting that a person best fits. The concept